Introduction to Comparative Effectiveness and Evidence-based Medicine
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How do you ensure compliance with regulatory guidelines in your medical writing?
Compliance is at the forefront of our medical writing services. Our writers are well-versed in various regulatory guidelines (such as FDA, EMA, and ICH guidelines) and ensure that all documents are compliant with the relevant regulatory standards. We stay updated on the latest regulations and incorporate this knowledge into our writing to ensure compliance and accuracy.
Is your medical writing service cost-effective for small-scale or start-up projects?
We offer competitive and flexible pricing models to cater to projects of all sizes, including those from start-ups or smaller organisations. Our goal is to provide high-quality medical writing services that are accessible and cost-effective. We can tailor our services to fit your budget and project requirements, ensuring you get the best value without sacrificing quality.
Are your medical writers experienced in our specific therapeutic area?
Our team comprises medical writers with diverse expertise across a wide range of therapeutic areas. We carefully match your project with writers who have specific knowledge and experience in your field. This ensures that the content we produce is not only scientifically accurate but also rich in the context of your specific therapeutic area.
Can you handle tight deadlines without compromising on quality?
We understand the importance of meeting tight deadlines in the medical field. Our team is equipped to handle urgent projects while maintaining the highest quality standards. We have a streamlined process and a flexible team that can be scaled to meet your project's specific timelines without compromising the integrity and quality of the content.
What if the medical writing content doesn't meet our specific needs or standards?
We prioritise client satisfaction and tailor our services to meet your unique requirements. If the content does not align with your expectations or standards, we offer revisions and work closely with you to ensure the final product meets your needs. Our team of experienced medical writers is committed to adapting content until it fully aligns with your objectives and quality standards.
Is there a limit to the amount of content that should go on a medical poster?
A poster should provide key findings without overwhelming. Too much text can deter readers. Striking a balance between relevant details and uncluttered presentation is essential.
How much cross-department collaboration is advisable for poster creation?
Cross-department collaboration can provide deeper insights and fresh perspectives. Although too many contributions can complicate coordination, a balanced approach involving key stakeholders from relevant departments generally yields the best results.
How long does a literature review usually take to complete?
The time taken to conduct a literature review varies depending on its scope and complexity. A rough guideline could be weeks to a few months for undergraduate reviews to 1-2 years for comprehensive systematic reviews.
What are some models for analyzing individual patient data in systematic reviews?
Individual patient data meta-analyses allow for more detailed and robust analyses by using original data instead of aggregate study data. Choices of statistical models (e.g., one-stage or two-stage model) will depend on data properties and research questions.
What is a meta-analysis and how does it relate to a literature review?
A meta-analysis is a statistical technique used in a systematic review to integrate the results of multiple studies. It provides a more precise estimate of effect size than individual studies, enhancing the evidence base for informed decision-making.
How do literature reviews contribute to evidence-based practice?
Literature reviews play a pivotal role in evidence-based practice by summarising and critically assessing the quality of available evidence. This helps healthcare professionals make informed decisions, ensuring the most effective and efficient practices are adopted.
How are literature reviews structured?
Literature reviews start with an introduction setting the context, followed by the main body that discusses the literature under thematic, methodological, chronological, or other organisational schemes. They end with a conclusion summarising major findings and suggesting areas for future research.
What does a flow diagram in a systematic review show?
A flow diagram visualises the progression of information throughout the different stages of a systematic review. It displays the number of articles identified, screened, deemed eligible and included in the final review, providing a transparent overview of the process.
Do I need a background in the subject to understand a literature review?
While basic knowledge about a topic can be beneficial, a well-written literature review should provide sufficient background information, making it accessible even for non-experts. Still, understanding the technical jargon may require a certain level of expertise.
How to interpret the result of a meta-analysis and what are the potential limitations?
Meta-analysis results provide a combined effect size from all included studies. Interpretation should consider the magnitude and direction of the effect, confidence intervals, heterogeneity, and potential publication bias. Understanding the clinical context is key to interpret its relevance.
Can students create and submit medical posters?
Absolutely. In fact, many conferences encourage student participation, recognising the valuable fresh perspectives they bring. Student category awards are also common.
Can we include a call-to-action in our poster?
A subtle call-to-action can be included, directing the audience to your research paper or relevant additional resources. However, avoid direct product promotion or overtly commercial messages.
What is a literature review?
A literature review is a comprehensive evaluation and summary of existing research on a particular subject. It synthesises the findings to deliver important information, highlighting major trends, gaps, and inconsistencies to provide a clearer understanding of the topic.
What role does a literature review play in a dissertation or research paper?
In a research paper or a dissertation, a literature review aids in setting context and demonstrating knowledge of the existing work. It provides a theoretical backdrop and reveals gaps in previous research, justifying the necessity for the new study.
How are literature reviews updated?
Literature reviews are updated when substantial new evidence becomes available, affecting the understanding of the current landscape. Such updates ensure reviews stay relevant, providing accurate information to guide research, policy, and practice.
How can we best use the data we have available now, and will have in the future, to provide valid and reliable evidence to each of those audiences?
- Clear and concise study protocols, study reports, brochures and slide decks for investigator meetings
- Advisory boards for future planning activities or value demonstration strategies
- Regulatory documents
Are there differences between online and offline medical posters?
Online posters can offer interactive elements like zooming and links. In contrast, physical posters must make all content - textual and visual - immediately visible.
How is the registration of systematic review protocols helpful?
Registering systematic review protocols guards against selective reporting, duplication of effort and provides transparency. Prospective registration platforms like PROSPERO enhance credibility and allow others to learn about ongoing reviews.
Can non-English studies be included in systematic reviews?
Studies in non-English languages may be included, subject to adequate translation, to avoid language bias. However, practical constraints like translation resources and time may limit such inclusion.
How does sensitivity, specificity & diagnostic odds ratio affect the meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies?
Sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio all provide valuable information in the meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies. They describe the test's ability to correctly identify those with and without the condition. Therefore, they impact interpretation and application of test findings.
How is a literature review different from a literature survey?
A literature survey provides an overview of existing literature in a specific field without necessarily offering a critical evaluation. On the other hand, a literature review critically assesses research in a field, discussing patterns, contradictions, gaps, and future directions.
Are there different criteria for posters that are designed for online congresses versus onsite?
With virtual posters, consider load time, screen readability, and incorporating interactive elements. Onsite posters rely on physical aesthetics and should include contact details for attendees to follow up post-event.
What is a quality assessment in a systematic review?
Quality assessment in a systematic review evaluates the methodological rigour of included studies. It helps to assess the risk of bias and the reliability of findings, influencing the weighting of studies in synthesising evidence.
What are literature databases?
Literature databases are digital platforms containing academic journals, conference papers, theses, reports etc. Some popular databases for health-related literature include PubMEd, Embase, and Cochrane Library -- invaluable for conducting systematic literature reviews.
What evidence, level of understanding and communication channel will influence that particular decisionmaker to make the right healthcare decision, and how would that evidence be best presented?
A medical communications agency worth its salt should help find the answers to these questions, take the evidence available, perform the necessary competitor and benchmarking analyses and be able to come up with a publications plan and/or communications strategy that fulfils these criteria for the decisionmakers that are most important to the client.
How do I interpret the results of a literature review?
Results from a literature review can be interpreted by examining the key findings, methodological flaws, and future recommendations. Assessing the strength of the evidence, the quality of included studies, and consistency of results can aid interpretation.
How do pairwise and network meta-analyses differ?
Pair-wise meta-analysis compares two interventions directly using the data from studies which have compared them. Network meta-analysis compares multiple treatments simultaneously by analysing direct and indirect comparisons, providing a ranking of effectiveness among all treatments.
What is the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary literature?
Primary literature refers to original research reports authored by the investigators themselves. Secondary literature includes reviews, summaries, or analyses of primary research. Tertiary literature like textbooks or encyclopedia provides summarised version of primary and secondary literature.
How is the quality of a systematic review measured?
The quality of a systematic review is usually assessed using the AMSTAR (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews) checklist. It covers aspects like protocol registration, literature search, data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and conflict of interest statement.
What elements should be prioritised in a medical poster to draw more attention?
To draw attention, make the title compelling, let the biggest finding 'pop', use high-quality visuals, and convey your story in a clear, engaging manner. Keep the design clean and aesthetic.”
What skills and tools are necessary for conducting a literature review?
Conducting a literature review requires skills in project management, critical analysis and synthesis, and scientific writing. Along with these, familiarity with database searching and referencing tools, and statistical software (for meta-analysis) is beneficial.
How to deal with studies having zero events in meta-analyses?
Dealing with studies having zero events in meta-analyses can be challenging. Various statistical methods, such as adding a continuity correction or using specific statistical models or Bayesian techniques, can be used to accommodate this issue.
How do you keep track of information flow in a systematic review?
The PRISMA flow diagram is a common tool for tracking the flow of information through different stages of a systematic review. It records the number of records identified, included, and excluded and reasons for exclusions.
How can a systematic review be used in public policy formation?
Systematic reviews synthesise all available evidence on a topic, aiding decision-making in public policy. They can identify effective interventions, assess costs and benefits, highlight gaps, and provide recommendations, facilitating implementation of evidence-based policies.
What is the purpose of critiquing literature in a literature review?
Critiquing literature allows researchers to assess the strengths and weaknesses of existing studies, identify methodological flaws, and understand the context and limitations of research findings. This contributes to a comprehensive and balanced literature review.
How are sources selected for a literature review?
In literature reviews, sources are chosen based on their relevance to the research question. Comprehensive searches in databases, hand-searching of key journals, and manual reviews of references are common ways to select sources.
What is the PRISMA guideline?
PRISMA stands for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. It's a guideline ensuring the explicit and comprehensive reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses, enhancing the clarity and replicability of research.
How can computational tools aid in conducting literature reviews?
Computational tools like Rayyan for citation screening, Covidence for data extraction, and RevMan for data synthesis can aid in conducting literature reviews. They facilitate collaboration, reduce manual errors, and streamline the review process.
How is risk of bias assessed in systematic reviews?
Risk of bias is assessed using standardised tools that evaluate various domains such as selection bias, performance bias, detection bias, attrition bias, and reporting bias. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool and ROBINS-I are commonly used.
Can you provide an example of a well-written literature review in the health field?
Examples of well-written literature reviews abound in academic medical journals such as BMJ, JAMA, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. These generally have rigorous protocols, standardised methods, and transparent reporting, offering lessons for writing high-quality reviews.
How is narrative synthesis incorporated in systematic reviews?
Narrative synthesis is often part of a systematic review, especially when quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) isn’t possible or sufficient. It narratively summarises and explains the findings of included studies, highlighting similarities, differences and overall patterns.
How do Indirect comparisons and evidence synthesis work in systematic reviews?
Indirect comparisons refer to inference of the comparative efficacy of two interventions, based on their effectiveness compared to a common comparator. Evidence synthesis refers to the integration of findings from various studies to reveal an overall picture.
How to conduct a network meta-analysis?
A network meta-analysis compares multiple treatments simultaneously by analysing direct comparisons of interventions within randomised controlled trials and indirect comparisons across trials. It's beneficial when multiple treatments are available and lack direct comparisons.
How are systematic reviews used in medical education?
Systematic reviews play crucial roles in medical education, delivering a comprehensive overview of existing evidence. They provide a foundation for evidence-based medicine, train students to critically appraise research, and help educators develop relevant curricula.
What’s the role of systematic reviews in Health Technology Assessments (HTAs)?
Systematic reviews are often employed in Health Technology Assessment (HTA), where they summarise evidence on the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and safety of a technology, thereby guiding reimbursement decisions and policy-making.
How can you conduct a systematic review of pharmacoeconomic studies?
A systematic review of pharmacoeconomic studies would follow similar steps as any systematic review while emphasising including economic evaluations, considering perspectives, time horizons, type of economic analysis, discounting, sensitivity analyses and quality of health economic study.
Are systematic reviews considered high-quality evidence?
Yes, systematic reviews are considered high-quality evidence. They rigorously summarise all existing studies on a topic, control for biases, and provide a consolidated picture of global knowledge, generally occupying the highest level in the hierarchy of evidence.
What distinguishes a good abstract in a poster presentation scenario?
A good abstract is concise yet comprehensive. It captures attention with compelling language, clearly lays out the research objective, succinctly describes the methods, results and insightfully comments on implications.
Does the abstract content need to perfectly match that of the final poster?
While minor adjustments can be made to the poster after the abstract is submitted, substantive differences between the abstract and the final poster could confuse the audience and potentially challenge the credibility of your presentation.
Can social media help in the dissemination of systematic review findings?
Social media platforms like Twitter, LinkedIn or ResearchGate can increase the visibility and reach of systematic review findings. Sharing bite-sized key messages, graphics, or video summaries can enhance public understanding and application of health evidence.
How to tackle controversial or sensitive subjects in a medical poster?
Controversial topics should be presented with scientific rigour, impartiality and respect for varying viewpoints. Avoid loaded language and base conclusions on solid evidence, not personal beliefs.
Can a literature review contain opinions?
Literature reviews should be based on facts and evidence from existing research, not personal opinions. They reflect a balanced perspective, evaluating each study objectively while highlighting strengths, weaknesses, and areas of uncertainty.
How do you manage conflicts of interest in systematic reviews?
Conflicts of interest should be declared. These include any financial, personal, or professional relationships that could influence the review's results. Transparency aids credibility and allows readers to judge potential bias.
Are there any common mistakes to avoid when creating a medical poster?
Common mistakes include overcrowding with text, too small font sizes, lack of logical flow, and excessive jargon. Clarity, legibility, and simplicity should guide poster creation.
How can AI augment the process of literature review?
Artificial Intelligence, especially Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning, can augment the process of systematic review by automating citation screening, data extraction, even bias assessment, reducing manual workload and accelerating the process.
What is a narrative review?
Narrative reviews provide comprehensive overviews of topics, but unlike systematic reviews, they don’t use systematic methods to search, appraise, and summarise available evidence. They offer a broad perspective rather than an exhaustive summation of all available research.
How to conduct a sensitive and specific search strategy in systematic reviews?
For a sensitive and specific search strategy, start broad and narrow down with tailored keywords and MeSH terms. Use Boolean operators, truncations and wildcards appropriately. Search multiple databases and consider peer-reviewed grey literature.
How are new techniques like living systematic reviews changing the landscape?
Living systematic reviews are an innovative approach that continually update with new evidence. They leverage technology, streamlined methodologies, and community engagement to provide timelier updates, enabling decision-makers to base their decisions on the latest evidence.
What subject areas can a literature review cover?
Literature reviews can cover any subject from healthcare, education, social sciences, engineering, to arts. The scope is vast; the aim is to synthesise available literature on the subject in question.
How to create a standout academic abstract for a poster?
Your abstract needs to be concise, comprehensive, attention-grabbing, and correctly formatted. It should not be overly technical and should articulate why your research matters in the larger context.
How are prognostic factor reviews conducted?
Prognostic factor reviews identify factors associated with the outcome of a disease in patients. They involve five steps: background, search and selection, data collection, synthesis and findings, and discussion. Quality assessment tools specifically developed for prognostic factor reviews are employed.
What is the role of the software in systematic reviews?
Software helps streamline the process of systematic reviews, from citation screening (Rayyan), data extraction (Covidence), statistical analysis (RevMan), to tracking project progress (EPPI-Reviewer). These tools foster efficiency, collaboration, and reduce manual errors.
How to interpret funnel plots in meta-analyses?
Funnel plots are simple scatter plots used in meta-analyses to assess publication bias. An asymmetrical plot typically suggests publication bias. However, other study-related factors, such as poor methodological quality, could also cause asymmetry.
Are literature reviews published in academic journals?
Yes, literature reviews are frequently published in academic journals. Systematic reviews, scoping reviews, meta-analyses, and narrative reviews constitute a large part of published literature across a wide range of disciplines.
Is it beneficial to submit a medical poster abstract before the complete poster?
It can provide early exposure to your work and invite valuable feedback. However, all data and methodologies should be thoroughly validated before abstract submission to prevent later discrepancies.
How to base clinical guidelines on systematic reviews?
Clinical guidelines should ideally be based on high-quality systematic reviews, the highest form of evidential hierarchy. Systematic reviews provide a rigorous synthesis of all available evidence, assisting guideline panels in making consistent, evidence-based recommendations.
How do I know if a literature review is reliable?
A reliable literature review follows a clear, reproducible methodology. It gives special attention to the selection criteria, search strategy, data extraction, quality assessment and synthesis methods. Check for concrete explanations and transparency in reporting.
How to handle studies with multiple treatment arms in meta-analyses?
Multi-arm trials, where several interventions are compared to a control group in a single study, are common in healthcare research. Techniques like adjusted indirect comparison can be used to include multi-arm studies in a meta-analysis.
What does a sensitivity analysis in a systematic review involve?
Sensitivity analysis in systematic review examines how changes in specific parameters or assumptions affect the review's outcomes. It's a way to test the robustness of results and understand how uncertainties might impact the conclusions.
What is the role of Grey literature in systematic reviews?
Grey literature refers to unpublished or non-commercially published documents, such as reports, theses, conferences abstracts. Including grey literature in systematic reviews can reduce publication bias and provide a more comprehensive view of the available evidence.
How can we improve communication and understanding of systematic review findings?
Improvements can be made by using plain language summaries, infographics, interactive summary-of-findings tables, webinars, and media releases. Engaging patients, the public, health professionals, and policymakers in the dissemination process can enhance comprehension and application of findings.
What are umbrella reviews and how do they contribute to research synthesis?
Umbrella reviews consolidate evidence from multiple systematic reviews into one accessible document. They offer a high level of evidence, summarising all relevant information on a single topic, aiding decision-making.
Can promotional materials be handed out alongside the poster presentation?
Some conferences allow promotional materials, although these should not distract from the scientific content. Items might include copies of the research papers, model representations, brochures about an ongoing study etc.
What strategies can I use to avoid bias in my review?
Avoid bias in literature reviews by following rigorous and transparent protocols, utilising comprehensive search strategy, employing dual independent screening and data extraction, declaring potential conflicts of interest, and adopting objective data synthesis methods.
How should quantitative and qualitative research be integrated in reviews?
Integrating qualitative and quantitative research in reviews can provide a more comprehensive understanding of a subject. Mixed-method synthesis techniques, such as meta-synthesis for qualitative data and meta-analysis for quantitative data, can help achieve this integration.
Are there any ethical considerations when creating a medical poster?
Certain, the most important being data privacy. Any patient-related information must be anonymised. All research ethics protocols should be followed carefully during the study.
What if I don’t want a systematic approach, just a review of papers I provide?
This approach is fine for an internal document, but for anything intended for publication (and really we recommend this approach for internal documentation too in order to prevent bias) we would still perform comprehensive literature searches to ensure that your approach can’t result in a claim of “cherry picking”. This is the term used when the data have been selected to only show a particular viewpoint, and therefore are not a true representation of all the literature. This is considered an unethical practice and Rx would strongly advise against it.
Should all systematic reviews have an associated meta-analysis?
Not necessarily. Systematic reviews should involve a meta-analysis if possible and appropriate, but this depends on the nature and consistency of the studies' methodologies and outcome measures.
What are the challenges of assessing risk of bias at outcome and study level?
Risk of bias can be assessed at both outcome and study levels. Outcome level addresses bias concerning specific outcomes within a study (e.g., measurement bias), while study level indicates biases that affect the entire study (e.g., selection bias).
Who uses literature reviews and why?
Literature reviews are used by researchers, professionals, and policymakers to understand the current state of research on a topic. Scholars use them to identify trends, methodologies, biases and gaps in existing studies.
How is a medical poster laid out?
A typical layout starts with the poster title at the top, followed by abstract, introduction, methods, results, and conclusion in column formats for easy reading.
What are pooled analysis and meta regression in systematic reviews?
Both are advanced statistical methods used in systematic reviews. Pooled analysis combines data from multiple studies to increase statistical power while 'meta-regression' investigates relationships between study-level characteristics and study results.
What’s the importance of duplicate study selection and data extraction?
Duplicate study selection and data extraction ensure accuracy, reduce errors, and help bolster the validity of systematic review findings. Two reviewers independently perform these tasks, and any disagreement gets resolved through discussion or third-party adjudication.
What guidelines are recommended for reporting systematic reviews?
Systematic reviews should adhere to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines which set the standard for reporting, ensuring comprehensive and transparent reporting.
Is there any legal guidance on what can be included in a medical poster?
Legality around poster contents primarily concerns data privacy and intellectual property rights. Personal patient data must be anonymised. When using others' work, appropriate permissions or fair use justifications are needed.
How is bias avoided in literature reviews?
Bias in literature reviews is avoided by following a structured process, adhering strictly to defined criteria for study inclusion/exclusion, declaring conflicts of interest, and using standardised methods for data extraction, quality assessment and analysis.
Are all types of studies included in systematic reviews?
Systematic reviews may include all types of studies depending on the review question. These might encompass randomised controlled trials, observational studies, case-control studies, cohort studies, qualitative studies, and even grey literature.
Do the creators typically get recognition or awards for high-quality posters?
Some conferences do award recognitions for standout posters, focusing on aspects like research importance, clarity of presentation, aesthetic appeal, and impact potential.
How are these posters archived or stored for future references?
After conferences, posters are often archived online on the conference or organisation's website. Some are published in journal supplements. Institutions may keep a local archive.
What's the difference between a traditional and a systematic literature review?
While a traditional literature review offers a broad overview of the scholarly landscape, systematic reviews use strict protocols and methodologies to conduct an exhaustive and unbiased assessment of all relevant studies on a particular topic.
What are the implications of publication bias on a literature review?
Publication bias can skew the results and conclusions of a literature review, as studies showing positive or significant results are more likely to get published. Techniques such as funnel plots and Egger’s test can detect publication bias.
How can I integrate a broad array of literature into a cohesive review?
To integrate a wide range of literature in a review, group studies based on similarities in objectives, methodologies or findings. Discuss common trends across studies, inconsistencies, and identify gaps. Use thematic, methodological or chronological schema.
Why are systematic reviews often part of Cochrane reviews?
Cochrane reviews are renowned systematic reviews in healthcare, renowned for their rigorous methods and standard of evidence. They help in making informed health decisions, forming guidelines, and informing policies by collating and summarising the best available evidence.
What does 'search strategy' in a systematic review mean?
In a systematic review, the 'search strategy' outlines how and where comprehensive searches for relevant literature will be conducted. It details the databases, date range, language restrictions, keywords, and any other parameters to identify potential studies.
Why is replication important in literature reviews?
Replication in literature reviews confirms accuracy of findings, improves reliability, and ensures that the conclusions drawn are robust and trustworthy. It aids in detecting errors, enhancing the transparency, and credibility of the review.
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